In a landmark development for international law, the Council of Europe has introduced the first-ever worldwide treaty focused on artificial intelligence (AI), officially known as the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225). This groundbreaking treaty aims to ensure that the deployment of AI systems aligns with fundamental human rights, democratic principles, and the rule of law. 

The treaty was opened for signature at a recent meeting of the Council of Europe Ministers of Justice held in Vilnius. Notable initial signatories include Israel, the United States, the European Union, and the Republic of Moldova, alongside Andorra, Georgia, Iceland, Norway, San Marino, and the United Kingdom. 

Marija Pejčinović Burić, Secretary General of the Council of Europe, emphasized the significance of the treaty, stating, “We must ensure that the rise of AI upholds our standards, rather than undermining them. The Framework Convention is designed to ensure just that. It is a strong and balanced text - the result of the open and inclusive approach by which it was drafted and ensured that it benefits from multiple and expert perspectives. The Framework Convention is an open treaty with a potentially global reach. I hope that these will be the first of many signatures and that they will be followed quickly by ratifications, so that the treaty can enter into force as soon as possible.” 

The Framework Convention provides a comprehensive legal framework governing the entire lifecycle of AI systems. It aims to balance the promotion of innovation with the management of risks related to democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. The treaty is designed to be technology-agnostic, ensuring its relevance and applicability across various technological advancements. 

Adopted on May 17, 2024, by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, the treaty was the result of extensive negotiations involving the European Union, the 46 member states of the Council of Europe, and 11 non-member states, including the Holy See, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Peru, the United States, and Uruguay. Observers from academia, civil society, and the commercial sector also contributed to the treaty's development. 

The treaty will come into effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of a three-month period after at least five signatories, including at least three Council of Europe member states, have ratified it. Nations worldwide are encouraged to sign and commit to adhering to its provisions. 

The Council of Europe hopes this treaty will pave the way for further international cooperation on AI governance and serve as a model for future global agreements.